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Particle physics research sheds new light on possible 'fifth force of nature'

Date:

February 21, 2013

Source:

Amherst College

Summary:

In a breakthrough for the field of particle physics, researchers have established new limits on what scientists call "long-range spin-spin interactions" between atomic particles. These interactions have been proposed by theoretical physicists but have not yet been seen. Their observation would constitute the discovery of a "fifth force of nature" (in addition to the four known fundamental forces: gravity, weak, strong and electromagnetic) and would suggest the existence of new particles, beyond those presently described by the Standard Model of particle physics.

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Strange World Of Quarks, Gluons, Described By Physicist

Date:

February 23, 2008

Source:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Summary:

One of the great theoretical challenges facing physicists is understanding how the tiniest elementary particles give rise to most of the mass in the visible universe. A physicist from MIT will talk about the theory that governs interactions of quarks and gluons, known as quantum chromodynamics.

zeit·ge·ber

/ˈtsītˌɡābər,ˈzīt-/

noun

PHYSIOLOGY

noun: zeitgeber; plural noun: zeitgebers

1. a rhythmically occurring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in the regulation of the body's circadian rhythms.

Origin

1950s: from German Zeitgeber, from Zeit ‘time’ + Geber ‘giver’.

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Superparasitism is a form of parasitismin which the host (typically an insectlarva such as a caterpillar) is attacked more than once by a single species of parasitoid. Multiparasitism or coinfection, on the other hand, occurs when the host has been parasitized by more than one species.^[1] Host discrimination, whereby parasitoids can identify a host with parasites from an unparasitized host, is present in certain species of parasitoids and is used to avoid superparasitism and thus competition from other parasites

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Hyperparasites feed on another parasite, as exemplified by protozoa living in helminth parasites, or facultative or obligate parasitoids whose hosts are either conventional parasites or parasitoids. Levels of parasitism beyond secondary also occur, especially among facultative parasitoids

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par·a·sit·ism

/ˈperəsəˌtizəm,ˈperəˌsīˌtizəm/

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noun

1. 1. 

   the practice of living as a parasite in or on another organism.

   "the study of nest parasitism by cuckoos"

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Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed

com·men·sal·ism

/kəˈmensəˌlizəm/

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noun

BIOLOGY

1. an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

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an·ar·chism

/ˈanərˌkizəm/

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noun

noun: anarchism

1. belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.

   • anarchists as a political force or movement.

     "ruling-class fears of international anarchism during the 1890s"